Summary of Sigmund Freud’s Medical History:
Nicotine Abuse:
Sigmund Freud began smoking at the age of 24 and by 1923, he was consuming up to 20 cigars a day.
Cardiac Health:
In 1889, Freud experienced a cardiac incident and arrhythmia. His physician recommended a reduction and cessation of smoking.
Oral Lesion:
In 1917, Freud noticed a painful swelling in his palate, which he dismissed and attributed to psychogenic causes when it subsided after he resumed smoking.
First Operation – April 20, 1923:
Performed by Dr. Hans Hajek, the excisional biopsy of a lesion in Freud’s right posterior hard palate was incomplete, resulting in severe postoperative bleeding and hospitalization.
Extensive Maxillofacial Surgery:
Prof. Hans Pichler conducted a series of operations in 1923, including a partial resection of the right maxilla and lingual cortex of the right mandible, and the removal of the submandibular gland and lymph nodes. Pichler’s meticulous approach included preoperative preparations like rigorous oral hygiene and the fabrication of a prosthesis for postoperative rehabilitation.
Recurrence and Additional Surgeries:
Freud experienced a recurrence of the ulcer in November 1923, confirmed malignant by biopsy, leading to further resection of the pterygoid muscle and soft palate. Complications arose, such as the complete breakdown of the soft palate, severe trismus, and difficulties with prosthetic obturation.
Steinach Operation – November 17, 1923:
Freud underwent a Steinach rejuvenation operation performed by Victor Blum, which involved the ligation of the vas deferens.
Radiotherapy:
In 1934, Freud underwent radiotherapy for a premalignant lesion. A recurrence of cancer was treated with another operation in 1936, and further radiotherapy was advised in September 1939.
Pain Management and Euthanasia:
Freud experienced intense pain managed by Orthoform, a relative of cocaine. As his condition deteriorated, leading to gangrenous skin over the right zygoma and an oral-skin perforation, he requested euthanasia. Dr. Max Schur administered a lethal dose of morphine, leading to Freud’s peaceful passing on September 23, 1939.
Continued Care by Prof. Pichler:
Prof. Pichler was extensively involved in Freud’s care, performing 33 procedures and fabricating the obturator prosthesis required for Freud’s oral rehabilitation, which Freud referred to as “the monster.”
In summary, Sigmund Freud’s medical history is marked by extensive and recurrent oral cancer, multiple surgeries, persistent complications, and innovative treatment attempts amidst a backdrop of heavy smoking. His care required diligent management and frequent medical interventions, particularly by Prof. Hans Pichler.
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